short cut keys for ubantu

Column1	Column2
Alt + F1	Open the Applications menu
Alt + F2	Run an application by typing its name in the box which appears
Prt Sc	(Print Screen) Take a screenshot of the whole screen
Alt + Prt Sc	Take a screenshot of the current window
Ctrl + Alt + Left/Right Cursor	Spins the ‘cube’ that your workspaces reside on, allowing you to select the workspace you wish to use.
Ctrl + Alt + Up Cursor	Enables an ‘expose’ like feature that presents you with all the windows you currently have open, allowing you to select the one you wish to give focus to.
Ctrl + Alt + Down Cursor	Unfolds your workspace cube allowing you to see more than one of your workspaces at once, using the left and right cursor keys with this active will allow you to select the workspace you wish to use.
Ctrl + C	Copy the selected text/object
Ctrl + X	Cut the selected text/object
Ctrl + V	Paste/insert the selected text/object
Ctrl + A	Select all text
Ctrl + B	Make the selected text bold
Ctrl + I	Make the selected text italic
Ctrl + U	Underline the selected text
Ctrl + N	Open a new document or window
Ctrl + S	Save the current document
Ctrl + O	Open another document
Ctrl + P	Print the current document
Ctrl + Z	Undo the last change you made
Ctrl + Shift + Z	Redo a change that you just undid
Ctrl + Alt + Delete	Restart the computer immediately, without saving open files
Ctrl + Alt + Plus (numeric keypad)	Rotate through supported screen resolutions
Ctrl + Alt + Minus (numeric keypad)	Rotate backwards through supported screen resolutions
Ctrl + T	Open a new tab
Ctrl + Tab	Rotate through each tab
Ctrl + Shift + Tab	Rotate backwards through each tab
Ctrl + W	Close the current tab (or browser if on last tab)
Ctrl + L	Enter a new web address
Ctrl + B	Show a list of your bookmarks
Ctrl + H	Show your browsing history
Ctrl + K	Enter a new web search in the search bar
Ctrl + Y	Show a list of downloaded files
F11	Display the current page full-screen
Esc	Stop loading the current page
Ctrl + R	Reload the current page
F7	Check the spelling of the current document
Ctrl + F	Find and replace words
Ctrl + Z	Undo the last change
Ctrl + Y	Redo a change which you just undid
Ctrl + L	Align the current paragraph/selection to the left
Ctrl + E	Align the current paragraph/selection to the center of the document
Ctrl + R	Align the current paragraph/selection to the right
Ctrl + Shift + J	Show the current document full-screen
Ctrl + A	Select all
Ctrl + C	Copy the highlighted content to clipboard
Ctrl + V	Paste the clipboard content
Ctrl + N	New (Create a new document, not in terminal)
Ctrl + O	Open a document
Ctrl + S	Save the current document
Ctrl + P	Print the current document
Ctrl + W	Close the close document
Ctrl + Q	Quit the current application
Ctrl + Alt + F1	Switch to the first virtual terminal
Ctrl + Alt + F2(F3)(F4)(F5)(F6)	Select the different virtual terminals
Ctrl + Alt + F7	Restore back to the current terminal session with X
Ctrl + Alt + Backspace	Restart GNOME
Alt + Tab	Switch between open programs
Ctrl + Alt + L	Lock the screen.
Alt + F1	opens the Applications menu
Alt + F2	opens the Run Application dialog box.
Alt + F3	opens the Deskbar Applet
Alt + F4	closes the current window.
Alt + F5	unmaximizes the current window.
Alt + F7	move the current window
Alt + F8	resizes the current window.
Alt + F9	minimizes the current window.
Alt + F10	maximizes the current window.
Alt + Space	opens the window menu.
Ctrl + Alt + +	Switch to next X resolution
Ctrl + Alt + -	Switch to previous X resolution
Ctrl + Alt + Left/Right	move to the next/previous workspace
Ctrl + A	Move cursor to beginning of line
Ctrl + E	Move cursor to end of line
Ctrl + C	kills the current process.
Ctrl + Z	sends the current process to the background.
Ctrl + D	logs you out.
Ctrl + R	finds the last command matching the entered letters.
Enter a letter, followed by Tab + Tab	lists the available commands beginning with those letters.
Ctrl + U	deletes the current line.
Ctrl + K	deletes the command from the cursor right.
Ctrl + W	deletes the word before the cursor.
Ctrl + L	clears the terminal output
Shift + Ctrl + C	copy the highlighted command to the clipboard.
Shift + Ctrl + V (or Shift + Insert)	pastes the contents of the clipboard.
Alt + F	moves forward one word.
Alt + B	moves backward one word.
Arrow Up/Down	browse command history
Shift + PageUp / PageDown	Scroll terminal output
Alt + Tab	switch between open windows
Win + Tab	switch between open windows with Shift Switcher or Ring Switcher effect
Win + E	Expo, show all workspace
Ctrl + Alt + Down	Film Effect
Ctrl + Alt + Left mouse button	Rotate Desktop Cube
Alt + Shift + Up	Scale Windows
Ctrl + Alt + D	Show Desktop
Win + Left mouse button	take screenshot on selected area
Win + Mousewheel	Zoom In/Out
Alt + Mousewheel	Transparent Window
Alt + F8	Resize Window
Alt + F7	Move Window
Win + P	Add Helper
F9	show widget layer
Shift + F9	show water effects
Win + Shift + Left mouse button	Fire Effects
Win + Shift + C	Clear Fire Effects
Win + Left mouse button	Annotate: Draw
Win + 1	Start annotation
Win + 3	End annotation
Win + S	selects windows for grouping
Win + T	Group Windows together
Win + U	Ungroup Windows
Win + Left/Right	Flip Windows
Shift + Ctrl + N	Create New Folder
Ctrl + T	Delete selected file(s) to trash
Alt + ENTER	Show File/Folder Properties
Ctrl + 1	Toggle View As Icons
Ctrl + 2	Toggle View As List
Shift + Right	Open Directory (Only in List View)
Shift + Left	Close Directory (Only in List View)
Ctrl + S	Select Pattern
F2	Rename File
Ctrl + A	Select all files and folders
Ctrl + W	Close Window
Ctrl + Shift + W	Close All Nautilus Windows
Ctrl + R	Reload Nautilus Window
Alt + Up	Open parent directory
Alt + Left	Back
Alt + Right	Forward
Alt + Home	go to Home folder
Ctrl + L	go to location bar
F9	Show sidepane
Ctrl + H	Show Hidden Files
Ctrl + +	Zoom In
Ctrl + -	Zoom Out
Ctrl + 0	Normal Size

Read More

Major Differences Between Linux And Windows

Both Linux and Windows are operating systems. An operating system is the most important program that runs on a computer. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs. Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.

1. Reduces the risk of carpal tunnel syndrome

When linux is properly installed, there no longer a need to use the mouse. Chances of you using a mouse is close to zero.

2. Use the extra cash for rewards

Linux is 100% free while Windows Vista Ultimate costs $398.99 at the time of writing. Companies that pay a licensing annually could have used the money for other things like buying an additional server to reduce the load or even give a bigger bonus to its loyal employees.

3. Formats are free, freedom is preserved

Linux file formats can be accessed in a variety of ways because they are free. Windows on the other hand makes you lock your own data in secret formats that can only be accessed with tools leased to you at the vendor’s price. “What we will get with Microsoft is a three-year lease on a health record we need to keep for 100 years”

4. Zero risk in violating license agreements

Linux is open source so you are unlikely to violate any license agreement. All the software is happily yours. With MS Windows you likely already violate all kinds of licenses and you could be pronounced a computer pirate if only a smart lawyer was after you. The worldwide PC software piracy rate for 2004 is at 35%. Which means that 3 out of 10 people are likely to get into real trouble.

5. Transparent vs Proprietary

MS Windows is based on DOS, Linux is based on UNIX. MS Windows Graphical User Interface (GUI) is based on Microsoft-own marketing-driven specifications. Linux GUI is based on industry-standard network-transparent X-Windows.

6. Better network, processing capabilities

Linux beats Windows hands down on network features, as a development platform, in data processing capabilities, and as a scientific workstation. MS Windows desktop has a more polished appearance, simple general business applications, and many more games for kids (less intellectual games compared to linux’s).

7. Customizable

Linux is customizable in a way that Windows is not. For example, NASlite is a version of Linux that runs off a single floppy disk and converts an old computer into a file server. This ultra small edition of Linux is capable of networking, file sharing and being a web server.

8. Flexibility

Windows must boot from a primary partition. Linux can boot from either a primary partition or a logical partition inside an extended partition. Windows must boot from the first hard disk. Linux can boot from any hard disk in the computer.

9. Mobility

Windows allows programs to store user information (files and settings) anywhere. This makes it impossibly hard to backup user data files and settings and to switch to a new computer. In contrast, Linux stores all user data in the home directory making it much easier to migrate from an old computer to a new one. If home directories are segregated in their own partition, you can even upgrade from one version of Linux to another without having to migrate user data and settings.

10. Proven Security

Why isn’t Linux affected by viruses? Simply because its code has been open source for more than a decade, tested by people all around the world, and not by a single development team like in the case of Windows. This leads to a lightning fast finding and fixing for exploitable holes in Linux. So that my friends, proves Linux as having an extremely enhanced security and lesser chances of exploits compared to Windows.

Read More

why linux is betterr then windows?

• Cost – The most obvious advantage of using Linux is the fact that it is free to obtain, while Microsoft products are available for a hefty and sometimes recurring fee. Microsoft licenses typically are only allowed to be installed on a single computer, whereas a Linux distribution can be installed on any number of computers, without paying a single dime.
• Security – In line with the costs, the security aspect of Linux is much stronger than that of Windows. Why should you have to spend extra money for virus protection software? The Linux operating system has been around since the early nineties and has managed to stay secure in the realm of widespread viruses, spyware and adware for all these years. Sure, the argument of the Linux desktop not being as widely used is a factor as to why there are no viruses. My rebuttle is that the Linux operating system is open source and if there were a widespread Linux virus released today, there would be hundreds of patches released tomorrow, either by ordinary people that use the operating system or by the distribution maintainers. We wouldn’t need to wait for a patch from a single company like we do with Windows.
• Choice (Freedom) – The power of choice is a great Linux advantage. With Linux, you have the power to control just about every aspect of the operating system. Two major features you have control of are your desktops look and feel by way of numerous Window Managers, and the kernel. In Windows, your either stuck using the boring default desktop theme, or risking corruption or failure by installing a third-party shell.
• Software - There are so many software choices when it comes to doing any specific task. You could search for a text editor on Freshmeat and yield hundreds, if not thousands of results. My article on 5 Linux text editors you should know about explains how there are so many options just for editing text on the command-line due to the open source nature of Linux. Regular users and programmers contribute applications all the time. Sometimes its a simple modification or feature enhancement of a already existing piece of software, sometimes its a brand new application. In addition, software on Linux tends to be packed with more features and greater usability than software on Windows. Best of all, the vast majority of Linux software is free and open source. Not only are you getting the software for no charge, but you have the option to modify the source code and add more features if you understand the programming language. What more could you ask for?
• Hardware - Linux is perfect for those old computers with barely any processing power or memory you have sitting in your garage or basement collecting dust. Install Linux and use it as a firewall, a file server, or a backup server. There are endless possibilities. Old 386 or 486 computers with barely any RAM run Linux without any issue. Good luck running Windows on these machines and actually finding a use for them.

Read More

what is operating system?

What is an operating system? An operating system (os) is the program that, after being initially loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages all the other programs in a computer. The other programs are called applications or application programs. The application programs make use of the operating system by making requests for services through a defined application program interface . In addition, users can interact directly with the operating system through a user interface such as a command language or a graphical user interface
An operating system performs these services for applications:

Read More

how to customize your linux desktop

The Wallpaper

For sure, the wallpaper is the easiest element to customize, as well as the most common. The main problem is more to find the great wallpaper. I found mine on deviantart.com.
To change your wallpaper, nothing easier: Just right-click on your desktop, and select Change Desktop Background.

Themes

Gnome themes works as WordPress theme: Once installed, you keep the same engine but have a totally new look and feel. I recently posted a list of 30 great Gnome themes, so you should check it out if you haven’t read this article yet.
To change your Gnome theme, do not extract the achive, go to the System menu, then Preferences → Themes.

Read More

some useful commands for linux...

 

Hello gyes here i am going to teach you some useful commands 

of linux....

cat

Outputs the contents of a file.

$ cat lorem.txt

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.

cd

Change the working directory.

$ cd /bin

chgrp

Change group ownership of files.

$ chgrp games moo.txt

chmod

Change access permissions of files.

$ chmod +x helloworld

chown

Change file owner and group.

# chown root lorem.txt

cksum

Print CRC checksum and byte counts of each file.

$ cksum lorem.txt moo.txt

3570240675 453 lorem.txt
4294967295 0 moo.txt

cp

Copies a file.

$ cp lorem.txt copy_of_lorem.txt

Read More

what is linux?

• Linux is the kernel of an operating system.
• Linux was built on the Unix tradition.
• Linux was originally developed by Linus Torwalds of Finland, who currenctly owns the Linux trademark.
• Linux stands for Linus' Unix.
• Using the open source code of the Linux kernel, people have been developing operating systems based on the Linux kernel. These are called the "Linux distributions".
  

Also Known As: Linux Operating System.

Read More